This course covers the fundamentals of an Analytical Chemistry course that one might take as a Chemistry major or minor. Ideally, students should have taken a year of General Chemistry as a prerequisite, as much of the material covered relies on a knowledge of equilibrium chemistry.
Students in this course have access to ample supplemental material, all of which will be found in the Resource Folders. In addition to the 23 hours of lectures, downloadable audio mp3 files of each lecture are included. For many lectures, a Practice Assignment where you can test your understanding of the material can be found in the Resource Folder. Also included is an answer key for each Practice Assignment. Any graphs, figures or tables presented in the lectures are also available as downloadable files. The content of this course is as extensive as all of my other Chemistry courses are that are also available on Udemy.
This course assumes that you have completed General Chemistry I and ideally General Chemistry II college courses. While you will not need to be familiar with all topics covered in those courses, you should have a good understanding of equilibrium Chemistry. As with my other intermediate courses that I have posted on Udemy, I have review sections for important chemical concepts that are needed for this course. Since this course covers the fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, most instrumental techniques such as Atomic Absorption, UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance are not covered. Section 15 is an introduction to Instrumental Analysis where I introduce colorimetric analysis and Beer’s Law, which is the basis for most Instrumental methods. Anyone who is interested in learning about various aspects of Analytical Chemistry may find this course beneficial, especially if you had no prior exposure to Analytical Chemistry in your studies.
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3
Review of Units and PrefixesIn this lecture I do a quick review of the 7 SI Base Units, Derived Units and prefixes used with the metric system.
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4
Conversion between Units - Dimensional Analysis
In this lecture I show how to apply dimensional analysis to converting units.
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5
Solution Concentrations
In this lecture, I review what is a solution and the concentration units of mass percent, parts per million and billion, molarity and formality.
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6
Converting between Molarity and mass %
We this lecture we see how density of the solution is needed to convert between these two concentration units going in either direction.
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7
Preparing Solutions
In this lecture I explain how to prepare solutions for analytical work and how to do the calculations.
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8
The Analytical Balance
In this lecture I discuss the differences between a top-loading balance and an analytical balance, when to use each, and the rules for using an analytical balance.
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9
Volumetric Glassware
Items included in volumetric glassware, the two types and rules for using are discussed in this lecture.
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10
Burets
In this lecture we discuss how to use and read a buret.
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11
Volumetric Flasks
A few more details about volumetric flasks are added in this lecture.
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12
Pipets
Details about the pipet are given in this lecture.
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13
Filtration Devices
In this lecture, three types of filtration devices are discussed.
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14
The Desiccator
In this lecture, the parts of a desiccator and use are explained.
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15
Significant Figures
A review of significant figures with emphasis on significant figures in measurements and when zeroes are significant.
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16
Rounding Rules for Addition and Subtraction
In this lecture, I explain how to round your answer to the correct number of significant figures when adding or subtracting.
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17
Rounding Rules for Multiplication and Division
In this lecture, I explain how to round your answer to the correct number of significant figures when multiplying or dividing.
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18
Types of Errors
In this lecture the definition and difference between random and systematic lab errors is discussed. Examples of both are given.
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19
Precision and Accuracy
In this lecture, I discuss what is meant by precision, accuracy, absolute error, relative error and how to minimize random error.
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22
Principles of Volumetric Analysis
In this lecture, I describe the requirements of volumetric analysis, list the requirements for a successful titration and discuss the two types of titrations: direct titrations and back titrations.
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23
Titration Calculations - Stoichiometry
In this lecture, I show how to calculate the mass % of an analyte in a sample by a titration.
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24
Solution Standardization
In this lecture, I explain how a solution is standardized to a known concentration, then used to determine the molarity of another reagent and the mass % of an analyte in an unknown sample.
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25
Review of Equilibrium Chemistry
In this lecture, I review how to set up the equilibrium constant equation for insoluble salts, weak acids and bases, and complex ions.
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26
Steps in a Gravimetric Determination
In this lecture, I list and discuss the steps involved in a gravimetric determination.
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27
Calculation Examples of Gravimetric Analysis
Calculations for two examples of gravimetric analysis are given in this lecture.
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28
Measuring Mass and % Loss in a Gravimetric Determination
In this lecture I explain how to calculate the mass and % loss of the precipitate from the slight dissolving of the slightly soluble precipitate.
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29
The Effect of Ionic Strength on the Solubility of Insoluble Salts
In this lecture I define ionic strength and explain why a high solution ionic strength increases the solubility of slightly soluble salts.
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30
Activity and Activity Coefficients
In this lecture, activity and activity coefficients are defined and explained and several applications are given.
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31
Applying Activity to Gravimetric Analysis
In this lecture, I show how to calculate mass and % loss of a precipitate taking activity into account.
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32
Precipitation Processes, Types and Contamination
In this lecture, I discuss the theory of precipitation, how impurities can contaminate your precipitate and steps you can take to form the purest precipitate.
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33
Acids and Bases Defined
In this lecture, I define Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases as well as explaining how to determine acid-base conjugate pairs.
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34
Relationship between [H+], [OH-] and pH
In this lecture, I review how to calculate hydronium ion concentrations and hydroxide ion concentrations from the Kw equation and then a quick review of pH calculations.
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35
Strength of Acids and Bases
In this lecture, I explain the difference between strong and weak acids and bases and how to recognize them. I also discuss the relationship between Ka and Kb for acid-base conjugate pairs.
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36
pH of Strong Acids and Bases
In this lecture, I review how to calculate the pH of strong acid and base solutions given their molar concentration.
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37
pH of Weak Acids
In this lecture, I review how to calculate the pH of a weak acid solution.
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38
pH of Weak Bases
In this lecture, I review how to calculate the pH of a weak base solution.
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39
Buffer Solutions Defined
In this lecture, I define buffer solutions, explain what they consist of and how they react to added acids and bases.
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40
The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
In this lecture, I review pKa and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation showing how it is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions and its limitations.
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41
Buffers with Polyprotic Acids
In this lecture, I explain how to make buffer solutions using polyprotic acids.
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42
Calculating the pH of Amphiprotic Species
In this lecture, I derive the equation needed to calculate the pH of amphiprotic species solutions. We also see how it can be simplified in most cases.
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43
The Effect on pH of adding an Acid or Base to a Buffer
In this lecture, I show how to calculate the change in pH of a buffer solution if an acid or base is added to it.
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44
Buffer Capacity
In this lecture, I define buffer capacity and show how to determine which solutions have higher buffer capacity.
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45
Making Buffer Solutions to a Specific pH
In this lecture, I discuss several different ways to make a buffer to a specific pH.
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46
Determining the Predominant Species in a Solution
In this lecture, I show how you can determine the predominant species in a weak acid or weak base equilibrium system.
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47
Fractional Composition Equations for Monoprotic Acids
In this lecture, I derive the fractional composition equations for a monoprotic acid and show what a graph of these equations would look like.
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48
Fractional Composition Equations for Polyprotic Acids
In this lecture, I derive the fractional composition equations for a polyprotic acid and show what a graph of these equations would look like.
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49
Application of Fractional Composition Equations
In this lecture, I explain how to calculate the molar concentrations of all species in a solution knowing the formal concentration of the acid or base and alpha values of each species.
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52
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
In this lecture, I construct a titration curve for a titration of a strong acid with a strong base.
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53
Titration of a Strong Base with a Strong Acid
In this lecture, I construct a titration curve for a titration of a strong base with a strong acid.
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54
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
In this lecture, I construct a titration curve for a titration of a weak acid with a strong base.
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55
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid
In this lecture, I construct a titration curve for a titration of a weak base with a strong acid.
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56
Titration of Polyprotic Systems
In this lecture, I construct a titration curve for a titration of a diprotic base with a strong acid.
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57
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base
In this lecture, I explain why a titration of a weak acid with a weak base (or vice versa) won't work.
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58
Acid-Base Indicators - The Titration Error
In this lecture, I explain the chemistry of indicators and show why it's important to add no more than 2-3 drops in indicator to the solution.
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59
Choice of Indicator
In this lecture, I show by calculation, how to choose the correct indicator for a titration knowing the analyte and titrant.
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60
Complexometric Titrations Defined
In this lecture, I explain complexometric titrations, the formation constant equilibrium equation and the beta equations for complex ion formation.
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61
Fractional Compositional Equations for EDTA
In this lecture, I show how to address the hexaprotic EDTA molecule and calculate the fractional amount of the totally deprotonated form of the molecule using fractional compositional equations covered in Section 10.
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62
The Conditional Formation Constant
Inn this lecture, I show how to calculate the conditional formation constant and why it is necessary.
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63
Complexometric (EDTA) Titration Curves
In this lecture, I explain the calculations necessary for constructing a titration curve for Mg(2+) with EDTA.
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64
Auxiliary Complexing Agents
In this lecture, I define an auxiliary complexing agent, why it is used and how it enters into equilibrium calculations.
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65
Titrations Using Auxiliary Complexing Agents
In this lecture, I explain the calculations necessary for constructing a titration curve for Cd(2+) with EDTA and using NH3 an auxiliary complexing agent.
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66
Chemical Analysis by Complexometric Titration
In this lecture, I explain how to calculate the percent amount of analyte in a sample by complexometric titration.
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67
Metal Ion Indicators
In this lecture, I discuss metal ion indicators, how they are similar, how they are different from acid-base indicators and how to select the correct indicator for a particular complexometric titration.
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68
Back Titrations
In this lecture, I explain what a back titration is, when it might be used, its requirements and the calculations involved.
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69
Review of Oxidation and Reduction
In this lecture, I review oxidation and reduction, half-reactions and standard reduction potentials.
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70
The Nernst Equation
In this lecture, I review the Nernst equation and show its application.
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71
The Redox Titration Curve
In this lecture, I explain the calculations necessary for constructing a redox titration curve for Fe(2+) with Ce(4+).
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72
The Redox Titration - Unequal Electron Transfer
In this lecture, I explain the calculations necessary for constructing a redox titration curve when there is an unequal number of electrons transferred between the two half-reactions.
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73
Redox Titration Indicators
In this lecture, I explain how redox titration indicators work and how to select the correct one for a particular titration.
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74
Colorimetric Analysis Defined
In this lecture, I define colorimetric analysis and give an overview on how the method works.
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75
Beer-Lambert Law (Beer's Law)
In this lecture, I discuss the schematics of a spectrophotometer, give the Beer's Law equation and explain how it is used in a colorimetric analysis.
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76
Steps in a Colorimetric Analysis
In this lecture, I describe each step involved in a Colorimetric Analysis
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77
Colorimetric Analysis Example
In this lecture, I give a detailed example of how a colorimetric analysis would be performed and how the calculations would be done.
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