This course covers most of the basics of a first semester Organic Chemistry course that one might take as a nursing student, science major or pre-med student. Ideally, students should have taken a year of General Chemistry as a prerequisite, although just completing first semester of General Chemistry should be sufficient.
Students in this course have access to ample supplemental material, all of which will be found in the Resource Folders. In addition to the 18.5 hours of lectures, downloadable audio mp3 files of each lecture are included. For nearly all lectures, a Practice Assignment where you can test your understanding of the material can be found in the Resource Folder. Also included is an answer key for each Practice Assignment. Any graphs, figures or tables presented in the lectures are also available as downloadable files. The content of this course is as extensive as both of my General Chemistry courses that are also available on Udemy.
This course assumes that you have completed General Chemistry I and ideally General Chemistry II college courses. While you will not need to be familiar with all topics covered in those courses, you should have a good understanding of atomic structure, electron configuration, covalent bonding, electronegativity, Lewis Dot Structures, molecular geometry and hybridization. Being familiar with acid-base chemistry and equilibrium as it applies to acids and bases is a plus. Section 2 of this course gives a review of key General Chemistry topics needed for Organic Chemistry. Since this course covers only the basics of Organic Chemistry, spectroscopic techniques such as Infrared Spectroscopy, Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance are not covered. Anyone who is interested in learning about various aspects of Organic Chemistry may find this course beneficial, especially if you had no prior exposure to Organic Chemistry in your studies.
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2
Atoms and Molecules -
3
Atomic Numbers and Atomic Orbitals
The atomic number is defined and electron orbitals are discussed with respect to their energy levels and shapes.
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4
Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
The relationship between the electron configuration of the atoms and the Periodic Table is explained. The Octet Rule is introduced.
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5
Bonding
The two types of chemical bonding, ionic and covalent, are defined with examples given.
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6
Lewis Dot Structures
The method of representing valence electrons using dot structures is presented. Simple molecules are used as examples. The HONC rule is given and explained.
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7
Lewis Dot Structures for Multiple Bonds
This lecture instructs you on how to draw Lewis Dot Structures for compounds with double or triple bonds.
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8
Hybridization
In this lecture hybridization and bond angles are described for carbon, and to a lesser extent, nitrogen and oxygen. Sigma and pi bonds are defined. A summary sheet is given and discussed.
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9
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are defined and the four families that make up hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics are presented. Distinction is made between saturated and unsaturated compounds.
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10
Alkanes
The three types of alkanes are listed and the first ten straight-chain alkanes are discussed with respect to their names, structural formulas and line-angle formulas
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11
Structural Isomerism
Structural isomerism is defined and several examples are given. The importance of structural formulas over molecular formulas for organic compounds is discussed.
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12
Cyclic Alkanes
Cyclic alkanes are introduced, named and it was shown how isomers of these compounds are made.
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13
Lecture 13: Alkyl Groups
In this lecture the names of the straight-chain and branched alkyl groups are given.
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14
Nomenclature of Alkanes
The rules are given for naming branched alkanes. Several examples are given.
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15
Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
Nomenclature rules for naming alkanes when halogens are substituents are explained with several examples given.
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16
Nomenclature of Cyclic Alkanes
Rules for naming cyclic alkanes with substituents present on the ring are given along with several examples.
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17
Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Alkanes
Stereoisomerism is introduced and defined as it relates to di-substituted cyclic alkanes.
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18
Conformational Isomerism
Conformational isomerism is explained, ethane and 1,2 dibromoethane are used as an examples.
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19
Stability of Cyclic Alkanes
The stability of cyclic alkanes is assessed based on ring strain of the structure. For larger cyclic alkanes, it is shown how the more stable conformational isomer can be determined.
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20
Physical Properties of Alkanes
The physical properties of melting point, boiling point, density and solubility of alkanes is discussed. The process of fractional distillation of crude oil to isolate different groups of alkanes is briefly described.
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21
Chemical Properties of Alkanes
The two types of chemical reactions for alkanes, combustion and substitution are presented.
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22
Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes
Alkenes and alkynes are defined as unsaturated hydrocarbons and units of unsaturation with respect to alkanes, alkenes and alkynes is discussed.
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23
Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes
The rules for naming alkenes and alkynes are explained.
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24
cis-trans Isomerism of Alkenes
Cis-trans isomerism is discussed with its application to alkenes. Rules for nomenclature are explained.
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25
E-Z System for Designation of Geometric Isomers
The E-Z System of naming geometric isomers when cis-trans doesn't work is explained.
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26
Units of Unsaturation and Isomerism
Units of unsaturation is discussed as it relates to isomerism.
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27
Physical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are presented.
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28
Chemical Properties of Alkenes
Some of the basic types of reactions of alkenes is discussed. The Markovnikov rule is introduced.
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29
Polymers
This lecture shows how alkenes can react to form polymers and copolymers. Reaction mechanisms are shown for two types of polymerization reactions.
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30
Chemical Properties of Alkynes
The chemical reactions of alkynes are discussed.
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31
Introduction to Aromatic Compounds - Benzene
This lecture focuses on the structure of benzene with respect to the degree of unsaturation.
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32
Benzene Derivatives
Several benzene derivatives were named, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were introduced as well as several aryl groups.
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33
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
Nomenclature rules for naming mono-di- and multi-substituted benzene derivatives are given with examples.
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34
Chemical Properties of Aromatic Compounds
The four basic types of reactions with aromatic compounds are discussed and explained: halogenation, nitration, sulfonation and alkylation.
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35
Orientation of Substitution
The position of electrophiles substituted onto benzene derivatives is explained. Activating and deactivating groups are defined and shown how they determine the orientation of the product.
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36
Introduction to Chirality
In this lecture we discuss what is required of a molecule for it to have a non-superimposable mirror image.
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37
Stereoisomers with One Chiral Carbon Atom
Properties on enantiomers are discussed in this lecture.
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38
Expressing the Configuration of Enantiomers in Three Dimensions
In this lecture we show how to represent stereoisomers in 3 dimensions using wedges and dashes for bonds. Fisher projections are also introduced.
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39
Comparing Representations of Enantiomers
Two methods of determining whether two configurations are enantiomers or identical molecules are explained.
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40
Measurement of Optical Activity
In this lecture we explain how the optical activity of a compound is detected and measured and the term specific rotation is defined.
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41
Stereoisomers with Two Chiral Carbon Atoms
Stereoisomerism of compounds with two chiral carbon atoms is discussed.
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42
Molecules with Two Similar Chiral Carbon Atoms
Stereoisomers of molecules with two similar carbon atoms give rise to meso compounds. Under what conditions this occurs is explained in this lecture.
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43
Stereoisomers in Cyclic Compounds
In this lecture we see that chiral cyclic compounds can have enantiomers, diastereomers and can also exist as meso compounds, depending on their structure.
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44
Specification of Configurations: R and S Designations
The procedure for assigning R and S configurations to chiral molecules is given.
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45
Stereoisomers and Chemical Reactions
In this lecture some chemical reactions are presented that show under what conditions stereoisomers can form from chemical reactions.
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46
Introduction to Functional Groups
Some of the common functional groups are introduced.
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47
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols
The classifications for alcohols are explained and rules for naming alcohols are presented.
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48
Polyhydric Alcohols
In this lecture we discuss alcohols with more than one hydroxyl group including nomenclature.
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49
Physical Properties of Alcohols
The physical properties of solubility and boiling point of alcohols are discussed.
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50
Preparation of Alcohols
Four different chemical reactions are shown for the preparation of alcohols.
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51
Chemical Properties of Alcohols - Acidity
A review of acid-base chemistry, pKa defined, Lewis acids and bases defined and acidity of alcohols assessed.
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52
Chemical Properties of Alcohols - Reactions
The dehydration and oxidation reactions of alcohols are explained.
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53
Structure and Nomenclature of Phenols
Nomenclature rules are given for naming phenols. Some phenols that occur in nature are presented.
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54
Physical and Chemical Properties of Phenols
Solubility, boiling points and acidity of phenols are discussed.
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55
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers
Structure and rules for naming ethers are presented.
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56
Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethers
Solubility and boiling point trends for ethers are discussed as well as comparisons with alcohols and alkanes.
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57
Sulfur Analogues: Thiols and Sulfides
The nomenclature and chemistry of thiols and sulfides (thioethers) are presented.
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58
Structure of Amines
The structure of primary, secondary and tertiary amines is presented.
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59
Nomenclature of Amines
Rules for naming amines are given.
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60
Physical Properties of Amines
The solubility and boiling points of amines are examined.
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61
Basicity of Amines
The base strength of amines is explained in terms of electron withdrawing and electron releasing groups.
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62
Heterocyclic Amines
Heterocyclic amines are introduced and their basicity is discussed.
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63
Introduction to Aldehydes and Ketones
The structures of families with the carbonyl group are introduced.
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64
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
The nomenclature rules for aldehydes and ketones are explained.
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65
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Trends in boiling points and solubility are discussed within these groups and compared with alkanes and alcohols.
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66
Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones
A few important aldehydes and ketones used in industry are presented.
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67
Chemical Reactions: Oxidation
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones is discussed as well as the Tollen's Test and the Benedict's test used to verify the presence of an aldehyde.
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68
Chemical Reactions: Addition
Several addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are shown.
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69
Keto-Enol Tautomerism
The keto and enol forms of aldehydes and ketones are explained.
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70
Structure of Carboxylic Acids
The structure of carboxylic acids is given and the common names of some common acids.
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71
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
Rules for naming carboxylic acids are explained.
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72
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Boiling Points and Solubility of Carboxylic Acids are examined.
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73
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are discussed with respect to resonance and strengths determined by electron withdrawing and electron releasing groups.
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74
Nomenclature and Properties of Salts of Carboxylic Acids
The rules for naming salts of carboxylic acids are discussed and solubility issues of acids are addressed.
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